Rob's Blob » Oil

Whole Foods & Half Truths

Robert Coss — Thu, 22 Jul 2010 13:02:23 +0000

This is one of the many things about Christianity that keeps me coming back for more; these prompts to use your head. Do you want to know the truth about the banking scams or bp or 911? Then screw your head on and you will soon find out. If you depend on half-truths or TV for your information you will be hard pressed. Like loading half an operating system into your computer, your brain won’t be able to function properly with half truths. Half truths will not take you where you want to go – full disclosure about these important matters. You have to feed it whole truths. And just like finding whole foods takes extra effort, so does finding whole truths, but you can do it!

clipped from robertcoss.com

“. . . in your moral excellence, knowledge.” – 2 Peter 1:5

Moral excellence cannot develop in an intellectual vacuum.

It’s a frightening thing to realize the extent to which our culture downplays knowledge in favor of emotions. These days people are more likely to ask, “How will it make me feel?” instead of, “Is it true?” Sadly, the church has bought into the spirit of the age. Many people go to church, not to learn the truths of God’s Word, but to get an emotional high. The focus of theological discussion also reflects the contemporary hostility to knowledge. To a shocking extent, truth is no longer the issue; the questions being asked today are, “Will it divide?” or “Will it offend?” To ask if a theological position is biblically correct is considered unloving, and those who take a stand for historic Christian truth are labeled as divisive.

But knowledge is inseparable from moral excellence and Christian growth. It should be obvious that people can’t put into practice truths they don’t know; we must first understand the principles of God’s Word before we can live them out. Peter knew well the importance of knowledge in developing a stable Christian walk and the assurance of salvation that accompanies it. Therefore, he urged his readers to add knowledge to their moral excellence. Gnosis (“knowledge”) refers to insight, discernment, and proper understanding of truth. Lacking such knowledge, believers become “children, tossed here and there by waves, and carried about by every wind of doctrine” (Eph. 4:14). The resulting turmoil is not conducive to spiritual growth or the development of a settled assurance of salvation.

The Bible commends child-like (i.e., trusting, humble) faith, but not childish faith. Paul exhorted the Corinthians, “Brethren, do not be children in your thinking . . . in your thinking be mature” (1 Cor. 14:20). “So let us know, let us press on to know the Lord,” urged Hosea. When we do so, “He will come to us like the rain, like the spring rain watering the earth” (Hos. 6:3). I pray with the apostle Paul, “that your love may abound still more and more in real knowledge and all discernment” (Phil. 1:9).

Suggestions for Prayer:
Pray that God would enable you to “grow in the grace and knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ” (2 Peter 3:18).

For Further Study:
Read Proverbs 23:7 and Philippians 4:8. What do those verses teach about the importance of godly thinking?

Additional Resources

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Toxic Gulf Food Alert (Oba ma Says Eat It)”

Robert Coss — Mon, 05 Jul 2010 16:38:04 +0000

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TimeToFlush has shared a video with you on YouTube:

CRUDE OIL Found In Oysters at N.C. Restaurant: TOXIC GULF FOOD ALERT (Obama Says Eat It)

BP MENU: CRUDE OIL Found In Oysters in Carolinas And Obama Told Us To Eat This?
CORNELIUS, NC (WBTV) — "A video out of a seafood restaurant sparks the need for rational thinking, like a scene out of an oil changing shop." A man says he found oil inside his oysters while eating at a restaurant located north of Charlotte this weekend.
Matthew Robertson is fascinated at the thought that an oyster from the Gulf Coast that was possibly soaked in oil made it onto his dinner plate.

"I rubbed it on my napkin and I said ‘Hey, Dad look, there’s oil on my oysters,’" said Robertson. He was so surprised at what he found, he kept one of the oysters to show our cameras. WBTV reporter Sarah Batista noticed there was a black substance stuck to the inside of the oyster. "That is definitely tar, that is not on oysters, "said Robertson.

http://theintelhub.com/2010/06/24/and-obama-told-us-to-eat-this/
http://www.wbtv.com/global/catego… more

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Oil in the Sea-Inputs, Fates and Effects – 4

Robert Coss — Wed, 30 Jun 2010 23:00:55 +0000

clipped from books.nap.edu

Natural Seeps

Natural seepage of crude oil from geologic formations below the seafloor to the marine environment off North America is estimated to exceed 160,000 tonnes (47,000,000 gallons), and 600,000 tonnes (180,000,000 gallons) globally, each year. Natural processes are therefore, responsible for over 60 percent of the petroleum entering North American waters, and over 45 percent of the petroleum entering the marine environment worldwide.

Oil and gas extraction activities are often concentrated in regions where seeps form. Historically, slicks of oil from seeps have been attributed to releases from oil and gas platforms, and vice versa. In North America, the largest and best known natural seeps appear to be restricted to the Gulf of Mexico and the waters off of southern California, regions that also have extensive oil and gas production. As mentioned earlier, the seepage of crude oil to the environment tends to occur sporadically and at low rates.

Federal agencies, especially USGS, MMS, and NOAA, should work to develop more accurate techniques for estimating inputs from natural seeps, especially those adjacent to sensitive habitats. This effort will aid in distinguishing the effects of petroleum released by natural processes versus anthropogenic activities. Furthermore, areas surrounding natural seeps are extremely important natural laboratories for understanding crude oil behavior in the marine environment, as well as how marine life responds to the introduction of petroleum. Federal agencies, especially USGS, MMS, NSF, and NOAA, should work with industry and the academic community to develop and implement a program to understand the fate of petroleum released from natural seeps and the ecological response to these natural releases.

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Oil in the Sea-Inputs, Fates and Effects – 3

Robert Coss — Tue, 29 Jun 2010 23:00:36 +0000

In search of the impact of the bp oil gusher. This article promises to contain the answer. I’ll try to clip from this book daily in search of an answer. If you would like to help post this information, answer questions that may arise, or do additional research, please let me know by email or comment here.

This is an ongoing post. For all the posts so far click here.

clipped from books.nap.edu

PETROLEUM INPUTS TO THE SEA

An examination of reports from a variety of sources, including industry, government, and academic sources, indicate that although the sources of petroleum input to the sea are diverse, they can be categorized effectively into four major groups, natural seeps, petroleum extraction, petroleum transportation, and petroleum consumption.

Natural seeps are purely natural phenomena that occur when crude oil seeps from the geologic strata beneath the seafloor to the overlying water column. Recognized by geologists for decades as indicating the existence of potentially economic reserves of petroleum, these seeps release vast amounts of crude oil annually. Yet these large volumes are released at a rate low enough that the surrounding ecosystem can adapt and even thrive in their presence.

Petroleum extraction can result in releases of both crude oil and refined products as a result of human activities associated with efforts to explore for and produce petroleum. The nature and size of these releases is highly variable, but is restricted to areas where active oil and gas exploration and development are under way.

Petroleum transportation can result in releases of dramatically varying sizes, from major spills associated with tanker accidents such as the Exxon Valdez, to relatively small operational releases that occur regularly.

Petroleum consumption can result in releases as variable as the activities that consume petroleum. Yet, these typically small but frequent and widespread releases contribute the overwhelming majority of the petroleum that enters the sea due to human activity.

Based on analysis of data from a wide variety of sources, it appears that collectively these four categories of sources add, each year on average, about 260,000 metric tonnes (about 76,000,000 gallons) of petroleum to the waters off North America.

Annual worldwide estimates of petroleum input to the sea exceed 1,300,000 metric tonnes (about 380,000,000 gallons).

Although these are imposing figures, they are difficult to interpret in terms of their ecological significance, as they represent thousands or tens of thousands of individual releases whose combined effect on the environment is difficult to clearly establish.

Regional or worldwide estimates of petroleum entering the environment are useful only as a first order approximation of need for concern. Sources of frequent, large releases are rightfully recognized as areas where greater effort to reduce petroleum pollution should be concentrated, despite the fact that not every spill of equal size leads to the same environmental impact.

This study, as did the 1975 and 1985 NRC reports, attempts to develop a sense of what the major sources of petroleum entering the marine environment are, and whether these sources or the volume they introduce, have changed through time. Thus, this report not only attempts to quantify the amount released each year, but makes an effort to examine the geographic distribution and nature of releases of petroleum to the marine environment, as well as the processes that can mitigate or exacerbate the effect of these releases on the environment. Where appropriate, comparisons of estimates of petroleum pollution among studies over the last 25 years provide the basis needed to explore the performance for prevention efforts implemented during that time.

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16 Burning Questions About The Gulf Of Mexico Oil Spill That We Deserve Some Answers To

Robert Coss — Mon, 28 Jun 2010 23:00:51 +0000

clipped from republicbroadcasting.org

#1) Barack Obama has authorized the deployment of more than 17,000 National Guard members along the Gulf coast to be used “as needed” by state governors. So what are all of these National Guard troops going to be doing exactly? Are the troops going to be used to stop the oil or to control the public?

#2) Barack Obama has also announced the creation of a “Gulf recovery czar” who will be in charge of overseeing the restoration of the Gulf of Mexico region following the oil spill. So is appointing a “czar” Obama’s idea of taking charge of a situation?

#3) Because it is so incredibly toxic, the UK’s Marine Management Organization has completely banned Corexit 9500, so if there was a major oil spill in the UK’s North Sea, BP would not be able to use it. So why is BP being allowed to use Corexit 9500 in the Gulf of Mexico?

#4) It is being reported that 2.61 parts per million of Corexit 9500 (mixed with oil at a ratio of 1:1o) is lethal to 50% of fish exposed to it within 96 hours. That means that 1 gallon of Corexit 9500/oil mixture is capable of rendering 383,141 gallons of water highly toxic to fish. So why was BP allowed to dump 1,021,000 gallons of Corexit 9500 and Corexit 9527 into the Gulf of Mexico, and why aren’t they being stopped from dumping another 805,000 gallons of these dispersants that they have on order into the Gulf?

#5) If these dispersants are so incredibly toxic to fish, what are they going to do to crops? What are they going to do to people?

#6) If the smell of the oil on some Gulf beaches is already so strong that it burns your nostrils, then what in the world is this oil doing to to wildlife that encounter it?

#7) Is it a bad sign that birds from the Gulf region are flocking north by the thousands?

#8) Why is BP being allowed to use private security contractors to keep the American people away from the oil cleanup sites?

#9) Why is BP openly attempting to manipulate the search results on sites like Google and Yahoo?

#10) Why has the FAA shut down the airspace above the Gulf of Mexico oil spill? What don’t they want the American people to see?

#11) Senator Bill Nelson of Florida says that there are reports that there are additional ruptures in the sea floor from which oil is leaking. If there are quite a few of these additional ruptures, then how in the world does BP expect to completely stop this oil leak?

#12) Why are scientists finding concentrations of methane at up to 10,000 times normal background levels in Gulf waters?

#13) At some testing stations in the Gulf of Mexico, levels of benzene have been detected at over 3000 parts per billion, and levels of hydrogen sulfide have been detected as high as 1192 parts per billion. Considering that these levels would be highly toxic to humans, why hasn’t the general public been warned?

#14) Why are so many Gulf oil spill disaster workers showing up at local hospitals complaining of a “mysterious illness”?

#15) If “70% or 80%” of the protective booms are doing absolutely nothing at all to stop the oil, then what is going to stop the millions of gallons of oil in the Gulf from eventually reaching shore?

#16) It is being reported that the deepsea oil plumes are creating huge “dead zones” where all creatures are dying as they are deprived of oxygen. If this oil spill continues to grow could the vast majority of the Gulf of Mexico become one gigantic “dead zone”?

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Oil in the Sea – Inputs, Fates and Effects – 2

Robert Coss — Mon, 28 Jun 2010 12:26:27 +0000

In search of the truth about the bp oil gusher. This article promises to contain the answer. I’ll try to clip from this book daily in search of an answer.

clipped from books.nap.edu

Executive Summary

There is little argument that liquid petroleum (crude oil and the products refined from it) plays a pervasive role in modern society. As recently as the late 1990s, the average price of a barrel of crude oil was less than that of a take-out dinner. Yet a fluctuation of 20 or 30 percent in that price can influence automotive sales, holiday travel decisions, interest rates, stock market trends, and the gross national product of industrialized nations, whether they are net exporters or importers of crude oil. A quick examination of world history over the last century would reveal the fundamental impact access to crude oil has had on the geopolitical landscape. Fortunes are made and lost over it; wars have been fought over it. Yet its sheer magnitude makes understanding the true extent of the role of petroleum in society difficult to grasp. Furthermore, widespread use of any substance will inevitably result in intentional and accidental releases to the environment. The frequency, size, and environmental consequences of such releases play a key role in determining the extent of steps taken to limit their occurrence or the extent and nature of mitigation efforts taken to minimize the damage they cause.

Consequently, the United States and other nations engaged in strategic decisionmaking regarding energy use spend a significant amount of time examining policies affecting the extraction, transportation, and consumption of petroleum. In addition to the geopolitical aspects of energy policymaking, the economic growth spurred by inexpensive fuel costs must be balanced against the environmental consequences associated with widespread use of petroleum. Petroleum poses a range of environmental risks when released into the environment (whether as catastrophic spills or chronic discharges). In addition to physical impacts of large spills, the toxicity of many of the individual compounds contained in petroleum is significant, and even small releases can kill or damage organisms from the cellular- to the population-level. Compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are known human carcinogens and occur in varying proportions in crude oil and refined products. Making informed decisions about ways to minimize risks to the environment requires an understanding of how releases of petroleum associated with different components of petroleum extraction, transportation, and consumption vary in size, frequency, and environmental impact.

In recognition of the need for periodic examinations of the nature and effect of petroleum releases to the environment, various governments have commissioned a variety of studies of the problem over the last few decades. Within the United States, federal agencies have turned to the National Research Council on several instances to look at the issue. One of the most widely quoted studies of this type was completed in 1985 and entitled Oil in the Sea: Inputs, Fates, and Effects. The report that follows was initially requested by the Minerals Management Service (U.S.) in 1998. Financial support was obtained from the Minerals Management Service, the U.S. Geological Survey, the Department of Energy, the Environmental Protection Agency, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the U.S. Coast Guard, the U.S. Navy, the American Petroleum Institute, and the National Ocean Industries Association. Although originally envisioned as an update of the 1985 report, this study goes well beyond that effort in terms of proposing a clear methodology for determining estimates of petroleum inputs to the marine environment. In addition, the geographic and temporal variability in those inputs and the significance of those inputs in terms of their effect on the marine environment are more fully explored. Like the 1985 report, this report covers theoretical aspects of the fate and effect of petroleum in the marine environment. This current effort, however, benefited tremendously by the existence of more systematic databases and the voluminous field and laboratory work completed since the early 1980s, work largely stimulated by the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska.

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Oil in the Sea: Inputs, Fates and Effects – Contents

Robert Coss — Fri, 25 Jun 2010 03:26:13 +0000

This book was Publication Year 2003 so you would think its pretty objective work. Here is a peek at what is inside. I’ll try to add a bit each day.

clipped from books.nap.edu

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY		1
I. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW		5
1	Introduction	7
2	Understanding the Risk	19
II. UNDERSTANDING INPUTS, FATES, AND EFFECTS IN DETAIL		63
3	Input of Oil to the Sea	65
4	Behavior and Fate of Oil	89
5	Biological Effects of Oil Releases	119
	References	159
III. APPENDIXES		183
A	Committee and Staff Biographies	185
B	Definitions and Conversions	189
C	Natural Seepage of Crude Oil into the Marine Environment	191
D	Oil and Gas Extraction	193
E	Inputs of Petroleum Hydrocarbons into the Oceans Due to Transportation Activities	203
F	Inputs into the Sea from Recreational Marine Vessels	219
G	Spills from Coastal Facilities	221
H	Atmospheric Deposition and Air-Sea Exchange of Petroleum Hydrocarbons to the Ocean	223
I	Estimating Land-Based Sources of Oil in the Sea	233
J	Methods Used to Estimate PAH Loadings to the Marine Environment	253
K	Regulatory Framework	255
INDEX		259

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Signs of True American Spirit Along Gulf Coast

Robert Coss — Wed, 23 Jun 2010 13:11:10 +0000

clipped from www.thedestinlog.com

June 14, 2010 8:44 PM

‘NO CONFIDENCE’ County, city leaders battle frustrated crowd and buck Unified Command as they make new plans for pass

By Tom McLaughlin

Florida Freedom Newspapers

DESTIN — Okaloosa County isn’t taking oil spill orders any more.

County commissioners voted unanimously to give their emergency management team the power to take whatever action it deems necessary to prevent oil from the Deepwater Horizon spill from entering Choctawhatchee Bay through the East Pass.

That means the team, led by Public Safety Director Dino Villani, can take whatever action it sees fit to protect the pass without having its plans approved by state or federal authorities.

Commission chairman Wayne Harris said he and his fellow commissioners made their unanimous decision knowing full well they could be prosecuted for it.

“We made the decision legislatively to break the laws if necessary. We will do whatever it takes to protect our county’s waterways and we’re prepared to go to jail to do it,” he said.

To see the NOAA’s trajectory map for the oil spill, click here.

That freed Villani to take several actions deemed important to further armor the Destin pass without waiting for authorization from the state Emergency Operations Center in Tallahassee and the unified spill command in Mobile.

Commissioners gave him the go-ahead to spend $200,000 to pay for an underwater “air curtain” designed to push oil up where it can be collected and $16,500 a day to operate and maintain it.

Destin Log Reporter Matt Algarin was in attendance for tonight’s Special City Council Meeting. Click here to read a play-by-play from the meeting.

He has authority to, without a nod from the U.S. Coast Guard, deploy barges, weighted so that they’ll sit low in the water across the entrance to the pass.

He is also authorized to look into a slip curtain, another underwater oil-catching device.

Though they now have the authority, both Villani and Okaloosa County Administrator Jim Curry said they will continue to work with the state and federal authorities to get their plans approved.

Curry said what the commissioners did Monday was “send a loud and clear message” to the Coast Guard, the state Department of Environmental Protection and others that Okaloosa County’s permit requests should be acted on immediately.

The commission met in an emergency meeting alongside the Destin City Council. The two governing bodies confronted a full room of obviously frustrated people, many of whom advocated filling in the entrance of the pass to close it down completely.

It was agreed that filling in the pass was a bad idea that could have serious environmental impacts.

Jay Prothro, BP’s representative for Okaloosa County, and two representatives of the Coast Guard were also present.

While Martha LaGuardia, a commander with the Coast Guard, argued that moving ideas and plans through the chain of command was the proper way to do things, Harris made it known the County Commission was tired of the often tedious and sometimes unproductive bureaucracy.

“We’ve played the game. We’re done playing the game,” he said.

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How should Christians respond to the oil spill?

Robert Coss — Mon, 21 Jun 2010 16:16:27 +0000

clipped from religion.blogs.cnn.com

Prayerfully Mourning it. As the slick spreads and the situation worsens, a few Christians—most surprisingly, conservative evangelicals—are responding with prayer, contrition and a reconsideration of their environmental positions. These Christians realize that the world needs a thoughtful Christian community that helps the hurting, protects God’s creation, and cares more about people than politics.

An example of someone who got it right is Russell Moore, Dean of the School of Theology at Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. He visited the Gulf region and responded tearfully on his blog:

For too long, we evangelical Christians have maintained an uneasy ecological conscience. I include myself in this indictment . . . Because we believe in free markets, we’ve acted as though this means we should trust corporations to protect the natural resources and habitats. But a laissez-faire view of government regulation of corporations is akin to the youth minister who lets the teenage girl and boy sleep in the same sleeping bag at church camp because he “believes in young people.”

Rather than ignore the situation or channel his energy into a political attack, he paused to mourn the loss of life, pray for the hurting, and reconsider his own positions. Moore continues, “Will people believe us when we speak about the One who brings life and that abundantly, when they see that we don’t care about that which kills and destroys?”

With the precision only a pastor and theologian can achieve, Moore hits the Christian community in the heart. How can we expect people to believe our message of hope and life when people see us responding to devastation with apathy, self-interest, or fanaticism? Should not our callousness be replaced with compassion, our apathy with action?

Now is the time for the Christian community to open up our deep coffers and provide assistance to those in need. We should spend some of our political capital to call politicians to the table to implement safeguards to prevent another catastrophic oil spill. Individuals should pray, churches should send cleanup teams and all of us should reflect on those habits in our lives that have contributed to this mess.

If Christians fail to rise to this occasion, Americans won’t only lose faith in big corporations and the ability of the federal government to manage environmental crises. They’ll lose faith in us.

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Oil in the Sea: Inputs, Fates and Effects – 1

Robert Coss — Sun, 20 Jun 2010 16:24:37 +0000

clipped from books.nap.edu

In the 1970s scientists began to realize that a significant quantity of pollutants were being discharged into marine waters worldwide, but very little quantitative data on the volume of discharges were available. Realizing the potential danger to sensitive estuarine and marine habitats, the NRC organized a workshop in 1973, bringing together scientists from a variety of backgrounds to address the problem of petroleum hydrocarbon discharge into the marine environment. This workshop culminated in a report in 1975 by the National Research Council entitled Petroleum in the Marine Environment.

One of the major findings of the report was recognition that there was a significant lack of systematic data concerning petroleum hydrocarbon discharges. The report, lacking significant quantitative data, was based on estimates and in some instances, educated guesses.

Even though lacking substantial quantitative data, the report generated considerable interest and was well-received by industry, government agencies, and scientists.

Ten years later, the U.S. Coast Guard requested that the Ocean Sciences Board of the National Research Council update this report, using data that had been acquired in the preceding ten years. Forty-six experts were invited to prepare summary reports on all aspects of petroleum hydrocarbon discharges into the marine environment and to evaluate the fates and effects of these discharges. The resulting report, entitled Oil in the Sea: Inputs, Fates and Effects, was published in 1985. This report has served as the seminal publication documenting petroleum pollution in the world’s oceans.

Realizing that a considerable amount of data had been accumulated in the past fifteen years, the Minerals Management Service (MMS) approached the Ocean Studies Board to undertake an update of the 1985 report. Financial support was obtained from the Minerals Management Service, the U.S. Geological Survey, the Department of Energy, the Environmental Protection Agency, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the U.S. Coast Guard, the U.S. Navy, the American Petroleum Institute, and the National Ocean Industries Association.

A committee of fourteen scientists and engineers, representing a wide range of technical backgrounds, was appointed by the National Research Council to prepare the requested report. In addition to simply acquiring and analyzing the data, the committee was charged to document the methodology utilized in preparing the calculated discharges and to verify the databases acquired. This report, hopefully, will serve as a baseline and guide for future studies.

It is the committee’s opinion that the inputs computed are based on the latest analysis techniques and utilized the best quantitative data available from a wide-range of existing databases. Even though direct comparisons with the earlier reports are difficult to ascertain because of use of differing computational techniques, it is apparent that even though some sources of inputs have decreased in the twenty-year period, discharges from land-based sources, two-stroke engines, and tank vessel spills still represent a considerable volume of discharge of petroleum hydrocarbons into the sea. These discharges are released directly into the ecologically sensitive coastal estuarine environments and are a major concern. It is hoped that this report will help bring attention to this issue and encourage policymakers to explore a variety of options for reducing these discharges.

I wish to thank the committee members for their dedication and hard work during the preparation of the report. Their insistence on maintaining a high level of quality throughout the analysis and interpretation process has resulted in what I believe is a scientifically sound report. The Study Director, Dr. Dan Walker, did an outstanding job of steering the committee to maintain focus on the statement of tasks, insisting on staying on schedule, and providing a balanced approach to the final report. I would like to personally thank him for his professionalism. I would also like to thank Dr. Jennifer Merrill, who worked closely with and guided the committee members that compiled the section on the ecological effects of petroleum hydrocarbon discharges. I did not have the background to evaluate this part of the report and her experience and knowledge relieved me of that burden. Also deserving much thanks and recognition are Drs. Laurel Saito, of University of Nevada-Reno, and Dagmar Schmidt Etkin, of Environmental Research, Inc., both of whom worked extensively to develop much of the raw data used to estimate the input of petroleum to the marine environment. The committee members wish to especially thank the hard-working staff, Ms. Megan Kelly, Mrs. Denise Greene, and especially Ms. Julie Pulley, whose hard work greatly helped the committee develop what I think is a high quality final report. Even though the committee and staff had widely varying scientific and working backgrounds, the compilation of the report proved to be a learning experience for all and most of all, an enjoyable experience.

The sponsors are to be commended for their vision in providing funding for this study—a study that could lead to a realization that marine pollution by petroleum hydrocarbons is still a major threat to the marine environment and that future reduction of such discharges should be made a priority of our nation.

James C. Coleman, Chair

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